Significance of Human Resource Development Essay

Significance of Human Resource Development - Essay Example In this regard, organizations have recognized the importance of Human Resource Development as an important strategic partner in the development of its most valuable intangible asset - the human capital (Zula and Chermack, 2007). With the growing number of workers which is likewise intensified by diversity due to the burgeoning population of ‘baby-boomers’ (Waight, 2005), Human Resource Development (HRD) is critically required to address the diverse characteristics and provide a strategic human capital planning (Zula and Chermack, 2007). The following outlines the essence of human resource development being a strategic partner in business organizations. The changing role it portrays from traditional perspective of human resource function to a more decentralized functionality. Its significance in the learning and development of individuals and organizations as well as the emerging trends and future of human resource development is herein provided. As organizations continue to struggle to address the demands of a changing economy and marketplace, whilst finding ways to improve performance of the workforce and in turn enhance financial profitability, HRD is perceived the best source and venue for these changes to take place as prime role of this division is manpower development. In Graham’s (1994) findings, he ascertained that successful health care organizations, despite different approaches and ways of achieving end result, all acknowledged and recognized the significance of human resource dimension. Through well-integrated human resource structure, specifically with the function of human resource development, employee’s skills and abilities are nevertheless extracted to provide utmost value for optimal business profitability. In this sense, the human resource development has emerged as a critical essential feature

Socrates The Afterlife Essay Example for Free

Socrates The Afterlife Essay Read selections from The Phaedo, available in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Focus on paragraphs 107 to 115a (pp. 437–444). Write a 350- to 700-word essay on the following: †¢Why does Socrates not fear death? †¢What are his views on death and the afterlife? †¢Do you agree or disagree with Socrates on this topic? †¢Using the Socratic method and The Good Thinker’s Tool Kit, formulate at least one question you would ask Socrates about his views on the afterlife. Socrates’ view of the afterlife is a little difficult to assess due to the fact that there are not actual written works by Socrates. The only works about him are by other people. Socrates view of death came up in a conversation when asked by Cebes about the poetry he was working on. The discussion starts with the question suicide. Socrates thesis was â€Å"the one aim of those who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death†. He also defines death as the separation of body and soul. All this lead to Socrates conclusion about death which is, upon dying a philosopher is most likely to obtain the wisdom which he has been seeking his whole life. Socrates also had an interesting view of the afterlife. Since â€Å"being dead† and â€Å"being alive† are opposite states, and â€Å"dying† and â€Å"coming-to-life† are the two opposite processes between these states, coming-to-life must balance out dying. Socrates also recalled an ancient theory basis just as the souls of the dead in the underworld come from those living in this world; the living souls come back from those of the dead. He concluded that everything that dies must come back to life again. Socrates made a strong argument with valid points that cannot be dismissed. If the two opposite processes did not balance each other out, everything would eventually be in the same state: for example, if increase did not balance out decrease, everything would keep becoming smaller and smaller. Another prime example of this is the Yin and Yang which is a Chinese philosophy and culture which based its principle in that all things exist as inseparable and contradictory opposite, for example female-male, dark-light.

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Views on Society Essay

A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Views on Society There is a division between functionalists and Marxists over the functions of the society. Marxism was founded by Karl Marx. Marx saw society as divided into two major parts, the economic base otherwise known as the infrastructure and the super-structure. Functionalists see society as a set of parts which work together to form a whole. Functionalism is also called a consensus theory. Marxism and functionalism are similar in that they see that the way society is structured as an important part in determining the way people have relationships and behave between themselves. This is known as structural perspective. Both functionalists and Marxists believe that people are portrayed as creature within the social system. Functionalists believe that society operates to the benefit of everybody. They stress that societies continue to exist because a lot of the time there is consensus between various aspects of society. They believe that family, education, govern...

An Analysis of Anti-technology Themes in The Machine Stops and WALL-E E

In 1909 E.M. Forster wrote the ground-breaking short story â€Å"The Machine Stops†, it foretold of a dystopian society where mankind entrusted itself to a machine which took care of al their wants and needs, and ultimately lead to their demise. In Forster’s â€Å"The Machine Stops†, he illustrates the need for man to become less dependent on machines and technology for their livelihoods and life in general. In Disney’s â€Å"WALL-E† we se many of these themes again. In both cases humans have become so inept at taking care of themselves that the loss of the machine or machines that care for them would be catastrophic and deadly. Humans have invested so much trust and power into these machines that they no longer have any real control, in addition their dependence on technology has severely distanced them from nature and more importantly their own human nature. In both stories one of the major themes is the autonomy of the â€Å"Machine†, and the lack of control the humans have over them. In â€Å"The Machine Stops† this theme is best illustrated through the â€Å"Mending Apparatus† (Reader, 153), it automatically â€Å"mends† any problem it sees, including retrieving Kuno when he ventures to the surface as well as killing one of the surface dwellers who â€Å"was entangled by the worms, and, †¦, was killed by one of them piercing her throat.†. This shows the ruthless autonomy of the machine. Later in the story we see how little the people who inhabit â€Å"The Machine† have over it, when it begins to break down, they have so little understanding o its workings that they are powerless to fix it, without the â€Å"Mending Apparatus† to fix â€Å"The Machine† they are unable to save themselves. In Disney’s â€Å"WALL-E† the ship aboard which the humans are living is c ontroll... ...oth depictions people communicate almost exclusively through machines, in â€Å"The Machine Stops† face to face contact is rare and essentially feared. In â€Å"WALL-E† people are shown talking to each other on screens while they are right next to each other and they seem completely lost when it comes to face to face conversations. In conclusion, â€Å"The Machine Stops† and â€Å"WALL-E† both use anti-technological themes to illustrate the dangers of technological advance, in particular our dependence on machines and technology for our survival. They showed that the combination of a dependence on an autonomous and out-of-control machine, a disconnection from nature, and an extreme loss of humanity can have disastrous consequences for us and our society. The question now is whether or not we can learn from these works and works like these and prevent a dark and inhuman future.

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Essay

Outcome 1 1. What is meant by: Diversity –our society is made up of people with a wide range of characteristics and backgrounds. This diversity contributes strength to a community but sadly it is often perceived as a problem. Equality – seeing each child as an individual will enable you to promote their right to have access to equality of opportunity and to be treated with equal concern so they are able to progress along the pathway development. Inclusion- to promote the positive aspects of diversity and to offer children equal chances in life, all settings for children would work towards inclusive. 2. What are the potential effects of discrimination? There are lots of different effects of discrimination for example children do not progress and experience success in their lives and the negative effects this has on their self-esteem may dampen their motivation levels. 3. How can inclusive practice promote equality and support diversity? Children’s right to have access to equality of opportunity. Promoting the positive aspects of diversity. Settings should always aim for inclusion, which promotes both equality and diversity. Outcome 2 1. How do legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own work role? For our setting to work in an inclusive way they would have to work with the legal framework to work with families in a respectful way. Laws alone cannot change prejudiced attitudes and assumptions or influence the way people think. Outcome 3 3. How could you challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change? Both children and adults can be the victim of prejudice or behaviour in discriminatory ways. Every setting should have strategies for dealing with any issue that is challenged. You should help both sides those who are subject to the discrimination and those who are the discriminator, this is a delicate matter and should be dealt with carefully.

Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus

Third Party Mediation In The Cyprus Problem â€Å"let us suggest an alternative. There is nothing to gain by stretching the conflict for another generation†¦We will have to bury our dead, they will have to bury their dead and we will end up with the same topography, the same demography, the same problems on the table and it will open a way towards Kosovo-Belfast type situation which we don’t need† What exactly is meant by mediation? â€Å"A process which is aimed attaining a settlement with the help of mediators† The European Union The European Union in not considered a direct or active mediator in the attempts to reach a settlement regarding Cyprus, but has become a major player in the negotiations due to the desire of Cyprus (Greek-Cyprus) to become a member of the European Union. Cyprus has enjoyed close relations with the EU economically, politically, and socially. An EU report on Cyprus in 2000 stated the relationship in due to an â€Å"Association Agreement of 1973 and also a newer Accession partnership which is financially possible by EC council regulation no 555/2000 dated march 13 2000. The European Union only recognizes the Greek Cypriot administration as the legitimate government of the republic of Cyprus. When â€Å"Cyprus† applied for membership into the European Union, the Greek Cypriot government applied on behalf of the both sides. The Helsinki summit in Dec 1999 has linked the Cyprus issue to the inclusion of Turkey as a member of the EU. The Helsinki declaration says that Turkey must support the UN secretary General in efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict. This concealed pressure was the reasoning behind Rauf Denktas inviting Greek Cypriot Clerdes to direct talks in December of 2001, interestingly enough after Denktas was on record in November of 2000 as saying there was â€Å"no point to stay on the negotiation table† after the â€Å"non-paper proposal† by The UN Secretary General. Turkey pr... Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus Third Party Mediation In The Cyprus Problem â€Å"let us suggest an alternative. There is nothing to gain by stretching the conflict for another generation†¦We will have to bury our dead, they will have to bury their dead and we will end up with the same topography, the same demography, the same problems on the table and it will open a way towards Kosovo-Belfast type situation which we don’t need† What exactly is meant by mediation? â€Å"A process which is aimed attaining a settlement with the help of mediators† The European Union The European Union in not considered a direct or active mediator in the attempts to reach a settlement regarding Cyprus, but has become a major player in the negotiations due to the desire of Cyprus (Greek-Cyprus) to become a member of the European Union. Cyprus has enjoyed close relations with the EU economically, politically, and socially. An EU report on Cyprus in 2000 stated the relationship in due to an â€Å"Association Agreement of 1973 and also a newer Accession partnership which is financially possible by EC council regulation no 555/2000 dated march 13 2000. The European Union only recognizes the Greek Cypriot administration as the legitimate government of the republic of Cyprus. When â€Å"Cyprus† applied for membership into the European Union, the Greek Cypriot government applied on behalf of the both sides. The Helsinki summit in Dec 1999 has linked the Cyprus issue to the inclusion of Turkey as a member of the EU. The Helsinki declaration says that Turkey must support the UN secretary General in efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict. This concealed pressure was the reasoning behind Rauf Denktas inviting Greek Cypriot Clerdes to direct talks in December of 2001, interestingly enough after Denktas was on record in November of 2000 as saying there was â€Å"no point to stay on the negotiation table† after the â€Å"non-paper proposal† by The UN Secretary General. Turkey pr...

Morality of Zoos Essays

Morality of Zoos Essays Morality of Zoos Paper Morality of Zoos Paper Almost each and every one of us has grown up with fond childhood memories of visiting the local zoo amongst family and friends. After all, where else can one see animals from all over the world in one place? In the midst of all the fun and enjoyment we have all experienced from zoos, we have failed to take into account the life of the things that we are so excited about seeing there – the animals. Each and every day, the animals enclosed in zoos for human entertainment are exposed to abuse, cruelty, and most importantly stress due to an unnatural living environment, creating a collection of unhappy animals. In this essay, I will also explore other examples of zoos in which animals are used for paid human entertainment such as circuses and aqua parks, where creatures like dolphins are dumped into a small glass pool and forced to perform tricks for merely human satisfaction. This essay will also explore acceptable forms of animal zoos; ones that are used solely for the purpose of breeding and conserving highly endangered species. While it is true that zoos can sometimes be beneficial, and used to aid animals in conservation and breeding, the sad reality is that zoos confine wild animals into tiny, artificial habitats and expose them to great amounts of stress, cruelty and abuse for the purpose of profit and human entertainment. For this reason, modern zoos are immoral and should only be allowed to exist if they are large-scale conservation centers used to aid in the preservation of endangered species. Zoos have become a very hot topic of controversy in today’s world. It is common knowledge that zoos are not the natural habitats of animals. Animals around the world are held captive and kidnapped from their natural life for the duration of their lives solely for the purpose of our viewing pleasure. Zoos can be defined as â€Å"public parks, which display animals, primarily for the purposes of recreation or education,† (Jamieson, Dale). The first modern American zoos were created in Philadelphia and Cincinnati in the 1870s. Today in the United States, there are hundreds of zoos that are visited by millions of people every year. Jamieson, Dale). â€Å"Iron-barred concrete-floored cages† and animals behind bars (Millar, Royce, and Cameron Houston) is a typical sight at many popular zoos. They vary from â€Å"roadside menageries run by hucksters, to elaborate zoological parks staffed by trained scientists† (Jamieson, Dale). Other popular forms of zoos are aqua parks and circuses. Aqua parks such as the Sea World amusement park in F lorida (Singer, Peter) are home to many animals such as whales and dolphins, which are held in captivity and forced to perform tricks and shows for public entertainment. Animals in captivity are forced to abandon all their natural characteristics and instincts. â€Å"It is possible to visit zoos and see bored animals pacing back and forth in cages, with nothing to do but wait for the next meal† (Singer, Peter). Regular meal times means that they no longer have the need to hunt for survival. While this may sound like a good thing, there are a few things to take into account. The first is that the zoo animals, all of which are born natural hunters, will no longer be able to survive and fend for themselves if they are released back into the wild (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). The second is the degree of confinement which zoo animals are forced to live under in their small cages and aquariums. To take this idea into perspective, imagine the world’s fastest animal, the cheetah. When it is crammed in a cage, which no matter how large can never compare to the vast size of the wilderness, the cheetah is unable to run at the fast speeds that make it unique. In the long run, confinement will cause the cheetah’s natural running skills to wear away (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). The same principle can be applied to sea animals confined in aqua parks. No tank, no matter how large can come close to meeting the needs of animals who spend their lives in social groups swimming long distances in the ocean† (Singer, Peter). Taking animals out of their natural habitats, transporting them great distances and keeping them in alienated environments in which their liberty is restricted are examples of how animals taken from the wild and confined in zoos are deprived of many things like gathering their own food, developing their own social orders and behaving in ways natural to them (Jamieson, Dale). Studies have shown that the artificial environment of zoos can create intrinsic animal welfare problems such as self-mutilation, feeding disorders, stereotypical behavior like pacing, neck twisting and rocking, reproductive disorders and physiological disorders (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A lot of the time, it is typical for an animal to experience these without the public noticing. An example of an animal exhibiting this behavior was a polar bear in the Dublin zoo that howed signs of stress and boredom. Locked in a small cage, the polar bear had nothing to do all day but walk from one side of the enclosure to the other, also known as pacing. Eventually, the animal was moved to a much larger home in the Czech Republic (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). This is evidence that while we may think pacing is a normal behaviour for animals in zoos, the truth is that we don’t know any better and what we think is customary is actually very stressful and harmful to the zoo animals. Contrary to popular belief that zoos are very friendly environments, many people don’t know that â€Å"since 1990, 42 people have been killed and 100 others injured by elephants worldwide† (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). A recent article by philosopher Peter Singer in The Guardian provides a clear example of the stress animals are put through. An orca whale named Tilly; acting out of anger of being held captive in a sterile concrete tank at Florida’s SeaWorld grabbed a trainer, pulled her underwater and killed her. Tilly had also been previously involved in two other human deaths at SeaWorld. In addition, one of Tilly’s offspring, which was sold to an amusement park in Spain, also killed a trainer. There have also been many other instances of orcas involved in deaths (Singer, Peter). â€Å"We will never know exactly what was going on in Tilly’s mind, but we do know that he has been in captivity since he was about two years old – he was captured of the east coast of Iceland in 1983. Orcas are social mammals, and he would have been living with his mother and other relatives in a pod. It is reasonable to suppose that the sudden separation was traumatic for Tilly† (Singer, Peter). It has been argued that circuses, especially those on the road, are even worse places for animals. Their living conditions are said to be â€Å"deplorable† (Singer, Peter), particularly in travelling circuses where animal cages have to be extremely small in order to be able to go on the road. Furthermore, circuses have been known to be brutal because â€Å"training animals to perform tricks often involves starvation and cruelty. Undercover investigations have repeatedly shown animals being beaten and given electric shocks† (Singer, Peter). Countries such as Austria, Costa Rica, Denmark, Israel, India and Sweden have banned or severely restricted the use of wild animals in circuses (Singer, Peter). The conditions animals are exposed to in circus environments clearly lead to the intrinsic welfare problems described earlier. An example of this was seen in Brazil, where â€Å"a movement to ban wild animals from circuses stared after hungry lions managed to grab and devour a small boy† (Singer, Peter). The most common benefits of zoos are amusement, education, and the preservation of species. Amusement was certainly an important reason for the establishment of the early zoos, and it remains an important function of contemporary zoos as well† (Jamieson, Dale). The fact remains that most people visit zoos in order to be entertained. Unfortunately, zoos must provide amusement to the public in order to stay profitable. Even though entertaining the public is viewed as a very important function of zoos, it cannot be justified as a reason to keep wild animals imprisoned and held in captivity. The second reason for having zoos is education. The idea that education is a big part of having zoos is â€Å"part of the commercial entertainment industry† (Singer, Peter). â€Å"The most important lesson they teach impressionable young minds is that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity for human amusement† (Singer, Peter). This is the exact opposite of the attitudes we should be embedding in the young minds of children. Of course some learning takes place in zoos. However, the very lessons being learned about the physical and mental states of animals being held captive are certainly not beneficial, and should not require animals to be held captive. Furthermore, similar educational experiences can be achieved through films and lectures. Documentaries such as The Life of Animals and The Blue Planet are known to be very educational and can in fact provide a better understanding of animals in their true, natural habitats. Observing animals in their natural surroundings will also allow for a better understanding of survival tactics, hunting, and the food chain, all of which are abandoned as soon as a wild animal is brought into a zoo. The final reason for having zoos is that they preserve soon-to-be extinct species, and put breeding programs in place to re-populate the species. There are several problems associated with zoo breeding programs. As previously mentioned, captive animals have very different traits than the ones of surviving animals in the wild. The lack of genetic diversity among the captive animals can create an enormous problem in breeding; more particularly it conflicts with Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. Perhaps the biggest problem with zoo breeding programs is that they created unwanted animals. In certain species, only a few males can service an entire herd of animals in reproduction. All the extra males are unnecessary to zoos and become a financial burden (Jamieson, Dale). â€Å"Some of these animals are sold and wind up in the hands of individuals and institutions which lack proper facilities† (Jamieson, Dale). Others end up shot and killed by hunters and poachers in private camps. â€Å"Ninety-five percent of animals that are kept in zoos aren’t endangered† (Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation). With preservation of soon-to-be extinct species also comes the debate whether it really is better for animals to live in the artificial environments that we create for them, as opposed to becoming extinct. Is it really better to confine a few hapless Mountain Gorillas in a zoo than to permit the species to become extinct? † (Jamieson, Dale). The answer to this question may be obvious to many, however, in doing this, are we not using the animals as â€Å"vehicles for their genes†? (Jamieson, Dale). In preserving extinct species, we are e ssentially creating a new species that can only survive in artificial zoo habitats. Even if the above-mentioned problems were non-existent, the current system of zoos does not provide a suitable environment for the preservation of endangered species. The reason for this is that of the little breeding programs that zoos offer, they only breed animals that are not endangered. â€Å"Many of the major breeding programs are run in special facilities which have been established for that purpose. They are often located in remote places, far from the attention of zoo-goers† (Jamieson, Dale). For example, the Bronx Zoo operates its Rare Animal Survival Centre far away on St. Catherine’s Island off the coast of Georgia. In conclusion, taking animals out of the wild and placing them in captivity in zoos affects their welfare and causes the animals unnecessary stress and anger. This disruption of their natural lifestyle has caused many animals to fatally injure or kill humans in an attempt to release some of the anger caused by their confinement in small, artificial habitats. Even though it is true that zoos provide amusement and entertainment, education, even though animals are not in their natural environment and learning may be distorted, and small-scale preservation, the above-mentioned reasons for having a zoo do not outweigh the detrimental affects captivity has on a wild animal. Under no circumstance should the amusement and entertainment of humans be a eason to put animals through stress and deprive them of their natural skills and environment. Even though some may believe that soon are beneficial for education, they are overlooking the fact that animals held captive in zoos are not in their natural habitats; therefore they do not behave as they normally would in the wild, making learning biased. Finally, even though it is a controversial topic, I b elieve preservation should be the only reason to keep animals captive. However, this cannot be done in the zoos we have established today. Preservation of endangered species can only be done in large-scale off-shore reserves, which are far away from the public and allow the animals to roam more freely and practice their natural skills. Animal Cruelty Zoos. Vegan Peace. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/zoos. htm. BBC Ethics Animal Ethics: Animals for Entertainment. BBC. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. bbc. co. uk/ethics/animals/using/entertainment_1. shtml. Birth, Accident Of. Mortality as Morality. Microkhan by Brendan I. Koerner. 14 Aug. 2009. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. lt; microkhan. com/2009/08/14/mortality-as-morality/. Jamieson, Dale. Against Zoos. The Animal Rights Library. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. animal-rights-library. com/texts-m/jamieson01. htm. Kuehn, Bridget M. Is It Ethical to Keep Animals in Zoos? December 1, 2002. American Veterinary Medical Association. 1 Dec. 2002. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. avma. org/onlnews/javma/dec02/021201d. asp. Millar, Royce, and Cameron Houston. Animal Rights and Wrongs In Depth T heage. com. au. The Age Business, World Breaking News | Melbourne, Australia. The Age, 19 Jan. 008. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. theage. com. au/news/in-depth/animal-rights-and-wrongs/2008/01/18/1200620207184. html? page=fullpage. Singer, Peter. Let Wild Animals Be Wild | Peter Singer | Comment Is Free | Guardian. co. uk. Latest News, Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian. 8 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/mar/08/wild-animals-captivity-seaworld-orca. Zoos: Imprisonment or Preservation? The Whyville Times. 4 July 2003. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. http://j. whyville. net/smmk/whytimes/article? id=2941.

Most Liberal U.S.Supreme Court Justices in History

Most Liberal U.S.Supreme Court Justices in History Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg has long been a thorn in the side of American conservatives. Shes been pilloried in the right-wing press by a range of so-called political experts, including college drop-out and shock jock Lars Larson, who publicly declared that Justice Ginsburg is anti-American. Her stinging dissent in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, which recently granted corporations certain exceptions to the Affordable Care Act with regard to birth control coverage, has once again loosed the gates of extreme conservative rhetoric. One columnist in The Washington Times even crowned her liberal bully of the week  even though hers was the dissenting, not majority, opinion. These critics act as if a liberal judge on the Supreme Court is a brand new development, but its the work of previous liberal judges that protects their right to come pretty close to slandering Justice Ginsburg in their published work. The Most Liberal U.S. Supreme Court Justices Also unfortunate for her critics is the fact that its unlikely that Justice Ginsburg will go down in history as the most liberal justice. Just take a look at her competition. While they sometimes sided with their conservative colleagues (often in tragic ways, such as in Korematsu v. United States, which upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II), these justices are generally considered to be among the most liberal of all time: Louis Brandeis (term: 1916-1939) was the first Jewish member of the Supreme Court and brought a sociological view to his interpretation of law. He is justly famous for establishing the precedent that the right to privacy is, in his words, the right to be let alone (something right-wing extremists, libertarians, and anti-government activists seem to think they invented).William J. Brennan (1956-1990) helped expand civil rights and liberties for all Americans. He supported abortion rights, opposed the death penalty, and provided new protections for freedom of the press. For example, in New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), Brennan established the actual malice standard, in which news outlets were protected from charges of libel as long as what they wrote was not deliberately false.William O. Douglas (1939-1975) was the longest-serving justice on the Court, and was described by Time Magazine as the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court. He fought against any regulation of speech and famously faced impeachment after he issued a stay of execution for convicted spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. He is probably most well-known for arguing that citizens are guaranteed a right to privacy due to the penumbras (shadows) cast by the Bill of Rights in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which established the right of citizens to have access to birth control information and devices. John Marshall Harlan (1877-1911) was the first to argue that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights. However, hes more famous for earning the nickname The Great Dissenter because he went against his colleagues in significant civil rights cases. In his dissent from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the decision that opened the door to legal segregation, he affirmed some basic liberal principles: In view of the constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens...Our constitution is color-blind...In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.Thurgood Marshall (1967-1991) was the first African-American justice and is often cited as having the most liberal voting record of all. As an attorney for the NAACP, he famously won Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed school segregation. It should not be surprising, then, that when he became a Supreme Court justice he continued to argue on beha lf of individual rights, most notably as a strong opponent of the death penalty. Frank Murphy (1940-1949) fought against discrimination in many forms. He was the first justice to include the word racism in an opinion, in his vehement dissent in Korematsu v. United States (1944). In Falbo v. United States (1944), he wrote, The law knows no finer hour than when it cuts through formal concepts and transitory emotions to protect unpopular citizens against discrimination and persecution.Earl Warren (1953-1969) is one of the most influential Chief Justices of all time. He forcefully pushed for the unanimous Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision and presided over decisions that further expanded civil rights and liberties, including those that mandated publicly-funded representation for indigent defendants in Gideon v. Wainright (1963), and required police to inform criminal suspects of their rights, in Miranda v. Arizona (1966). Certainly other justices, including Hugo Black, Abe Fortas, Arthur J. Goldberg, and Wiley Blount Rutledge, Jr. made decisions that protected individual rights and created greater equality in the United States, but the judges listed above demonstrate that Ruth Bader Ginsburg is just the most recent participant in the strong liberal tradition of the Supreme Court and you cant accuse someone of radicalism if theyre part of a long-standing tradition.

Do you agree with Perkins' statement that the corporatocracy is in Essay

Do you agree with Perkins' statement that the corporatocracy is in fact an empire If so, why if not why not - Essay Example An empire can also be defined as supreme power or a jurisdiction of an entity or an organization. An example of an empire is the Roman Empire that rules from the Vatican City through the holy Catholic Church. Having defined the major terms, it is appropriate to find out whether corpocracy is an empire or not. Corporatocracy is, indeed, an empire. This is because an empire involves power and the rule of a collection of states. Corporations have today become so powerful due to their economic resources, and they influence the governance of many states all over the world. They do this through: exploiting economic control, influencing politics, determining the laws of the land, and manipulating policies of various governments. According to WorldiQ, corporations do this, for example, by owning and controlling main media outlets, and allowing access only to information that serves their interests, and influencing the enactment of laws that serve their wellbeing. For instance, in the United States, digital millennium copyright act was enacted due to pressure from corporations (WorldiQ). This was done to allow them to meet their self-centered goals and objectives. Power revolves around political, economic and social pillars, and control of these makes an empire. Corporations control these pillars, hence in charge of a conglomeration of states; corporatocracy is an

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law - Essay Example However the manner in which such transactions are to be handled often depends on the laws of country A since it was the mother country and the constitution was laid out by both of the two conflicting sides. Controversies will arise and this is why a compromise between the two sides has to be struck in order to settle the dispute amicably. b) Before the war, State A had granted a mining concession to Dee Company for a 50-year period on land that is now within the territory of State B. That concession still has 20 years to run. State B claims that it is no longer valid. The mining concession awarded by state A to Dee Company for a 50-year period on land that is now within the territory of State B is not valid after the secession. Although the concession still has 20 years to run, State B’s claims that it is no longer valid is justified. If Dee Company is interested to continue mining on the territory of state B, then it has to sign a different concession with them. The two state s then have to strike an agreement on how to compensate Dee Company for the remaining part of the concession since by virtue of stopping the mining, they will have violated the terms of the contract. The mining company should also understand that the circumstance under which the contract was violated was beyond anybody’s control and that its renewal is the only way forward. (c) Before the war, State X had concluded a treaty with State A in which State X granted State A â€Å"most favored nation† trade status. State B now claims that it is entitled to the same treatment. State B is not entitled to the â€Å"most favored nation† status awarded by state X to A since it may not be able to fulfill certain conditions of the status. Additionally, it is a new country and should start looking for trade partners and not rely on the contracts made by state A because they are now two different

Information systems for managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information systems for managers - Essay Example Web view source is the HTML code behind a web page. An example is business web pages. Managers should become acquainted with web source because they will better be able to escape the web chaos that results with spams, Trojans and phishing, leading to a better understanding of competitors. They will better be able to cope with simple problems related to web design and functioning. Technology is the use of scientific or technical methods of solving a problem (Solomon). Technology has equipped us with virtual means of communicating with the world. All e-business is carried out through the internet, and technological means are used around the globe to make agreements, sign pacts, buy and sell goods and services, and make financial transactions. Managers must know the use of technology to escape the web chaos that results with no knowledge about technology (Berkun). In my experience, managers must be acquainted with programming, web source and technology because without the basic knowledge of these, they will lag behind in the ever changing business world. Also, managers with technological competencies are in great demand because they are better able to deal with problems like Y2K and virus

The current extended interpretation of the Commerce Clause Research Paper

The current extended interpretation of the Commerce Clause - Research Paper Example There is little doubt that the conventional and accepted common meaning of commerce both in common discourse as well as in legal language, was mercantile trade and the additionally associated activities (Natelson & Kopel, 2011). There are at least four possible interpretations which have been proposed in interpretation of the Commercial Clause (Scheb & Stephens, 2007, pg. 100). First it has been advocated that the clause bestows upon the Congress the absolute power to control commerce. Under this construal, states are deprived off power to check interstate commerce. Secondly, it has been interprated that theclause gives Congress and the states contemporaneous powers to regulate commerce. Under this interpretation, state regulation of commerce is unenforceable only in cases where it is pre-empted by federal laws (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, 2011). Third, the Commerce Clause has been interpreted to imply that both the congress and the states each have their own mutually exclusive zones of regulatory power. Under this construal, it becomes the responsibility of the judicial system to determine whether one sovereign has invaded the exclusive regulatory zone of the other. The last interpretation that has been advanced is that the clause by its own force dissociates states the power to regulate commerce in certain ways, but both the Congress and States retain coexisting power to control commerce in many other respects. This forth interpretation, is a complicated and convoluted hybrid of two others, and it is the approach employed by the courts in their decision while interpreting the commerce clause. According to Marshall (Kommers, Finn, & Jacobsohn, 2004, pg. 301), as long as any aspect of commerce implicated or involved more than one state, such as transportation or the exchange of commodities across state lines, congress may regulate it. The power to regulate, however, is equally broad. He added, this power, like all others

The Graduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Graduate - Essay Example The film closes with the celebrated shot of the two in the cover of a transport with devoid interpretations on their appearances. The story centers separately on the excursion of one character, Benjamin Braddock, it is organized in a manner that he is in just about every scene, and his activities drive the story through the three demonstrations. In place for the group of onlookers to think about this character the crowd must have the capacity to feel what the saint feels and be earnestly occupied with his choices. This is accomplished generally through the cautious shot choices and encircling of the Polaroid. One will see that the cinematography is rich with imagery and is frequently set in the perspective of the hero bringing about the group of onlookers to feel the way that the hero feels attaining a feeling of sympathy and backing for the hero. To demonstrate this point the course and cinematography will regularly be tended to (Caporrimo, 2011).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Graduate starts with a nearby up on Benjamin Braddocks face. This instantly creates the principle character. The shot zooms out to uncover that he is on a plane encompassed by exhausted, resting, bland individuals. He mixes right in. The accompanying shot is Ben standing vacuous on a moving walkway. The levelheadedness in his face is very nearly automated; he takes after a thing descending a manufacturing plant line on a conveyer cinch. He is going to return home to a universe of shallow individuals and this shot appears to be speaking to that outwardly. The shot keeps going for a moment considering a watchful perception of our hero. Yet this pacing is deliberate and works adequately for this story. The gathering of people deciphers that our hero is in a trance. He appears lost or out of spot. He appears troubled and out of his component. This begins the group of onlookers considering who Benjamin Braddock is. Not just does this moderate

The current extended interpretation of the Commerce Clause Research Paper

The current extended interpretation of the Commerce Clause - Research Paper Example There is little doubt that the conventional and accepted common meaning of commerce both in common discourse as well as in legal language, was mercantile trade and the additionally associated activities (Natelson & Kopel, 2011). There are at least four possible interpretations which have been proposed in interpretation of the Commercial Clause (Scheb & Stephens, 2007, pg. 100). First it has been advocated that the clause bestows upon the Congress the absolute power to control commerce. Under this construal, states are deprived off power to check interstate commerce. Secondly, it has been interprated that theclause gives Congress and the states contemporaneous powers to regulate commerce. Under this interpretation, state regulation of commerce is unenforceable only in cases where it is pre-empted by federal laws (Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, 2011). Third, the Commerce Clause has been interpreted to imply that both the congress and the states each have their own mutually exclusive zones of regulatory power. Under this construal, it becomes the responsibility of the judicial system to determine whether one sovereign has invaded the exclusive regulatory zone of the other. The last interpretation that has been advanced is that the clause by its own force dissociates states the power to regulate commerce in certain ways, but both the Congress and States retain coexisting power to control commerce in many other respects. This forth interpretation, is a complicated and convoluted hybrid of two others, and it is the approach employed by the courts in their decision while interpreting the commerce clause. According to Marshall (Kommers, Finn, & Jacobsohn, 2004, pg. 301), as long as any aspect of commerce implicated or involved more than one state, such as transportation or the exchange of commodities across state lines, congress may regulate it. The power to regulate, however, is equally broad. He added, this power, like all others

Retaining and Attracting Staff in Organisation Research Proposal

Retaining and Attracting Staff in Organisation - Research Proposal Example Key lessons and findings would be summarised and compiled to provide a useful reference that would be of benefit for any company of any size and in any part of the world in the task of facing this global challenge. First, the characteristic of the workplace is constantly changing because of the increasing globalisation of firms, which has affected firms in several ways such as raising the level of competition, demanding better performance and productivity from employees, and requiring higher standards of innovativeness, work values, skills and attitudes. This increased competition amongst firms has been extended from the marketplace for products and services and into the market for talented employees who need to be attracted and retained with the use of increasingly innovative and effective strategies. Second, the characteristics of the workforce -current, long-term, and incoming - are changing due to several factors, such as demographics, academic and professional qualifications, and job-related expectations. As companies compete and grow, they are increasing the demand for workers in a world where the population of talented workers is not growing as fast as the rise in demand. To take an example, companies need to attract and retain the highly educated Generation Y and the highly mobile Generation X (post-baby boom) and aging baby boomers. The research study will consider these two issues using updated findings based on primary and secondary research data as explained in the next section. The basic foundational materials for the study will be four of the latest research sources on the topic of attraction and retention of staff in organisations. The first is the latest Human Resources Salary Survey 2006/2007 conducted by the Tokyo (Japan)-based global recruitment and consulting agency Michael Page International (Leithead 2007) based on their experiences in global hiring and retention with a

Media Coursework & The Simpson Essay Example for Free

Media Coursework The Simpson Essay Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains humour and different types of comedy. In this essay, I will evaluate the extant to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an open fire Sitcoms of the past showed the ideal family; always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was respected and it had a bread winner mum-housewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the daughter follows in the footsteps on her mother. E. g. leave it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms are popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, Homer can relate to people that an unorganised an lazy people; Marge is a representation, responsible, hardworking housewife; in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not very clever and like skate boarding and rock music. The Simpsons opening scene starts with the title effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are tired and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the traditional structure of sitcoms. It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story; a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually about a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background. In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very attractive and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves. These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The Cosby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment; charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson. The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer! which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much about the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does follow the traditional narrative structure. The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.

Mark Test of Mirror Self-recognition | Analysis

Mark Test of Mirror Self-recognition | Analysis Critically evaluate the Mark test of mirror self-recognition as a measure of conceptual self-awareness in toddlers. When adults look in the mirror they can possibly say with confidence that they, as adults, know it is their own refection gazing back at them; it is possible that this stems from the fact that they recognise or hold a mentally represented self –image of what they usually look like, which has probably emerged from many mirror reflections, to everyday explicit beliefs which probably provides them with a representation of themselves. But can it be assumed that Mirror-Self-Recognition (MSR) of conceptual self-awareness in toddlers, can enable them to distinguish from the currently perceived reflected self-mirror image, and their mentally represented self-image (i.e. when a child looks in the mirror they know that it is themselves they are looking at), as argued by Wheeler, Donald, Stuss Tulving 1997, (also see Wheeler et al, (1997) for an in depth discussion about self-recognition and autonoetic consciousness). However, this essay will critically evaluate the Mark-Test of MSR whi ch claims that toddlers (18 to 24 months) must have a real concept of their own self-awareness when gazing into a mirror. However, there has been some controversy as to whether MSR tasks actually measures conceptual self –awareness, or are they measuring something completely different. Some of these debates surrounding MSR tasks (Lean and Rich alternative interpretations of MSR) will be explored only after briefly defining the ‘self’ and discussing the mark test of mirror self-recognition as a measure of conceptual self-awareness. Conceptual self-awareness in toddlers is perhaps one of the most widely debated issues in the literature of Developmental Psychology to date (Rochat, 2003). This is because self-awareness is the capacity to explicitly introspect about one’s own consciousness, (i.e. feelings, attitudes, opinions) and as noted by a number a researchers, introspection is a very hard concept to operationalise because they have to rely on self-reports as evidence of what they are trying to explore; especially in young children (Schooler, 2002). With that said, some attempts of introspection in regards of conceptual self-awareness, historically to the present day, have argued introspection can provide important insights of self-concept in development (implicitly, and explicitly), which can possibly provide answers as to why/and or how they develop and hold a concept of the ‘self’ (Neisser 1998; Rochat, 2004). For example, as language matures in development and a child is able to talk ab out something, they are probably consciously aware of what they are talking about (Neisser, 1998) and thus probably is able to distinguish themselves as a separate entity to the environment and others. Most relevant studies have demonstrated that toddlers begin to form a self-concept at around the ages of 18 months, and are able to distinguish much earlier that they are different from their environment, that is, their hands, legs, and fingers belong to them, whereas the table when they touch it belongs to the environment. This normally emerges in the first few months of life and is what Neisser (1998) arguably suggested, originates from two forms of ‘self’. The term ‘self’ in developmental psychology is normally divided into two levels. The first of these levels is the lower level, which is referred to as the ‘self as the subject of consciousness’ such as the knower, the experiencer, and the agent of activity. The second level is the higher and more sophisticated level, which is normally referred to as the, ‘self as the object of consciousness’, which consists of thoughts about cognition about the self (Neisser 1998). Research does not indicate that young babies (birth to 18 months of age) are explicitly aware of themselves; rather this kind of self-awareness is experiencing themselves as doing things (which are basic implicit or perceptually based aspects of the self) and as they mature and learn from their surrounding environments, from their awareness of experiencing (Neisser, 1998). This then provides them with the foundations of thinking about themselves more conceptually, which normally begins to emerge at around 18 months of age when language is more mature, and they develop an awareness that other people and objects are different from themselves, which then translates into a more conceptual self-awareness (the foundations of forming a personality) (see Neisser 1998 and Rochat, 2003). In relation to Neisser’s (1998) and Rochat’s, (2003; 2004) ideology of forming a self-concept, a number of measures from an evolutionary and biological viewpoint were developed to measure whether animals had some form of consciousness; this measure is known as ‘the mirror test of self-recognition’ and was first devised by Gallup (1970), to establish whether chimpanzees can identify with their own reflection in a mirror as an appearance of itself. Part of this procedure of the mirror test, is that the animal is usually marked with a dye, and is then usually observed to see if the animal responds in a manner that is consistent with it being aware of the dye on their own body. The frequency of how many times the animal touched the marked area is then recorded. Mark –directed behaviour might include touching the marking, trying to remove the mark with their fingers, or turning and adjusting the body for a better view in the mirror; which is generally tak en as evidence of passing the MSR task (Gallup, 1970). Similar explanations are used as a gauge of entrance of the mirror stage or the conceptual self, which is normally referred to as the belief that human infants can recognise their own reflection in the mirror (Evans, 2005). Most academics agree that MSR implies that children must have a self- concept if they pass the mirror test, and most children start showing mark directed behaviour (i.e. trying to remove the mark) at around 18 to 24 months (Lewis Brookes-Gunn, 1979). However it can be argued that MSR stems from much simpler cognitive explanations. For example, using a Lean or a more Conservative viewpoint of MSR, both Heyes (1994) and Mitchell (1997) argue that children match their own sensations with their own visual image of with what they perceive in the mirror. This suggests that one does not need a self-concept of what one looks like. Measures to test this comes from evidence such as the ability to match visual input and kinaesthetic feedback (see Heyes, 1994 Mitchel, 1997). Likewise, Loveland (1986) argues that what MSR behaviour measures is an understanding of the reflective property of mirrors, that is, the body parts that infants cannot normally see can be explored using a mirror (for example, a child cannot normally see their face, but with a mirror they can). Loveland suggests that passing the MSR task (marks test) just shows that children have probably learned how to use a mirror to view their own body. Both Heyes and Loveland’s interpretations of MSR tasks do not really tell one much regarding self-awareness, rather all you need is ecological self-awareness (see Neisser, 1988) to pass the MSR task. As already noted earlier, Neisser (1998) argues that self-awareness develops much earlier than MSR evidence suggests. Therefore the MSR tasks is probably rather limited in explaining and validating their argument. However, there is lots of counter-evidence that does seem to suggest that you do need conceptual self-awareness or ecological self-awareness to pass the MSR. For example, Nielsen, Suddendorf, and Slaughter (2006) tested self-recognition of legs (they developed these measures as a way to measure self-conceptual awareness for appearance). Children were placed in a high chair with a tray that obscured the view of their own legs. A mirror was placed in front of their view which was angled so that the children could view only their legs. In the first of two experiments, a within subjects design was used as the leg version vs. face version. A sticker was placed either on their leg or the front of their hair. It was found that very similar numbers of children passed the leg and face task (18mths olds). This shows that leg recognition was just as easy as face recognition. However, this still leaves this question open as to whether mark directed behaviour in either conditions implies self-rec ognition of conceptual self-awareness. In other words, does this really imply that infants know what their faces look like or legs look like; so one could possibly argue what would happen if the mirror image does not match what they see? To investigate this, Nielsen et al. (2006) added another condition called the novel trousers condition. Children were placed in a high chair with integrated trousers (which they could not see). The trousers were attached to the high chair. When the child was placed in the chair their legs slipped straight into the trousers. In the test, only 13% of children recognised themselves in the novel-trousers condition. Nielsen et al. argued that therefore that children do have a self-concept of ‘this is what I look like’. This suggests that mark-directed behaviour does indicate self-recognition and must imply conceptual self-awareness. Children must have a representation of what they look like, which gets easily updated, as they did not recognise wearing those trousers, therefore not reaching for the sticker; the child thinks that the image is not themselves (Nielson et al., (2006) . So far this essay has suggested that some people do not believe that MSR guides self-awareness (which are Lean interpretations). Nevertheless, there is also some Rich interpretations. Both Lewis (2003) and Gallup (1998) believe that MSR involves more than basic interpretations of conceptual self-awareness. Both these researchers argue that MSR assesses the ability to introspect and reflect on their own mental states (beliefs, desires, pretend play and knowledge). This is more of a sophisticated form of self-awareness, than basic conceptual self-awareness, which typically represents holding a Theory of Mind (ToM) (See Premack Woodruff’s (1978) paper for an insightful analysis on whether chimpanzees hold a theory of mind). Nevertheless, Lewis (2003) argues that MSR is an early appearance of ToM, supporting the Rich interpretation of MSR; there is a relationship between pretend play which might guide ToM and MSR, which may provide some support for this idea. On the other hand, there is other bases of evidence against the Rich interpretations. For example, several animals display MSR (however none of these animals display pretend play, and none of them pass ToM (Povinelli Vonks, 2003 on chimpanzees). Moreover, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also show very poor theory of own mind but they show MSR by the mental age of 18 months, demonstrating evidence against the idea. Clearly there are problems with both Rich interpretations and Lean interpretations of MSR (see Williams, 2010 for a deeper account). In conclusion the mark –test of MSR has been the subject of intense debate regarding whether a child at 18 to 24 months holds a real self-concept of self-awareness when looking into a mirror. Mark-directed behaviour has been questioned as to whether it measures conceptual self-awareness or whether it is testing something completely different. Alternative interpretations (Lean and Rich) argue that MSR does not guide self-awareness, rather mark directed behaviour can probably be explained by simpler cognitive accounts. Both sides of the debate (Lean and Rich interpretations) also have their criticisms as some researchers argue that Lean and Rich interpretations may not be correct interpretations of MSR, as self-awareness gets updated regularly. Moreover, the ability to reflect on one’s own mental states relies on the early appearance of Theory of Mind and the relationship between pretend play, but this too has been questioned as some researchers argue that several animals also display MSR (however none display pretend play, and none pass Theory of Mind tests). Nonetheless, mirror self-recognition as a measure of conceptual self-awareness in toddlers is difficult to conclude, because although adults can reflect implicitly what they are consciously thinking, this may not be the case for children; probably conceptual self-awareness in toddlers is a gradual process. That is, the more they experience the world and the objects within it, the more they become aware of their own private and conscious thoughts; however this is hard to measure definitively using the mark-directed behaviour test. References Evans, D. (2005). From Lucan to Darwin. The literacy animal; Evolution and the nature of narrative. Northwestern University Press, 38-55. Gallup, G., G., Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition. Science 167 86-87 Gallup, G., G., Jr. (1998). Self-awareness and the evolution of social intelligence. Department of Psychology, State University of New York. Heyes. C., M. (1994). Reflections on self-recognition in primates. Anim. Behav., 47, 909-919. Lewis, M.., Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979).Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum Press. Lewis, M. (2002). The emergence of consciousness and its role in human development. New York Academy of sciences. Loveland, K. (1986). Discovering the Affordances of a Reflecting Surface. Developmental Review. 6, 1 -24. Mitchell, R., W. (1997). A Comparison of the Self-Awareness and Kinaesthetic-Visual Matching Theories of Self-Recognition Autistic Children and Others. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. Nielsen, M., Suddendorf, T., Slaughter, V. (2006). Mirror Self-Recognition Beyond the Face. Child Development, 77, (1) 176-185. Neisser, U. (1998). The Roots of Self-knowledge: Perceiving Self, It, and Thou. Annals New York Academy of sciences. Premack, D. G., Woodruff, G. (1978). â€Å"Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind. â€Å" Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 1 (4) 515 -526. Povinelli, D. J., Vonk, J. (2003). The Chimpanzee minds: Suspiciously Human. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (4) 157-160. Rochat, P. (2003).Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life.Consciousness and Cognition, 12(4): 717–73 Rochat, P. (2004). Origins of Self-Concept. Blackwell Publishers, LTD. Schooler, J. (2002) Re-representing consciousness: dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends Cognition. Sci. 6, 339–344 Wheeler, M., A., Stuss, D., Tulving. E. (1997). Toward a Theory of Episodic Memory: The Frontal Lobes and Autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bullets, 121 (3) 331-354. Williams, D. (2010). Theory of own mind in autism: Evidence of a specific deficit in self-awareness. City University, London.

Pornography and Legislation :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

Pornography is yet one of the most popular topics of today's society. Questions are being brought up about how pornography has had an effect on our everyday life styles. Pornography provokes violence through its explicates of obscenity through the literature and the media. Technology has been manipulated by these pornographic materials , and this isn't fair to the public. How do we put a stop to this? The law officials are trying to restate some of the laws that refer to the pornographic field, but it has become a great deal of struggling. The struggle is due to the avoidance of the invading each of the individual's constitutional rights granted to them, that is the freedom of speech and press. This topic has been hard to do research on because it is a really complicated subject to understand. This topic has really been neglected in the past so it is now come to overpower the people and haunt them in every way. One way in which the legal system has tried to regulate against pornograp hy was by decreasing the amount of publications of obscenity illustrated of pornography through censorship. In the case of Mutual Film Corporation. Verses Industrial Communication, in 1915, the case had to do with Ohio state censorship, and the attorneys for this film declared that through pre-censorship there will be a violation of rights. this provoked the state supreme court to decide that movies were not entitled to share the same protection of constitutional rights as other media areas. Now the court decided to make clear that when films are being previewed before distribution bans cannot be made unless on grounds of constitution. The American Law Institute is made up of professional lawyers, professors, and judges. These professionals are mutually investigating the field of pornography. the plan on putting restrictions for pornography. To avoid any criminal charges against pornographic publishers, lawyers advise their clients to avoid any published material containing or regarding obscene material. Some liberals feel that the reason that the law opposes pornography is because the case becomes more emotional rather than logical. There was a time where the law did put its foot down. This is when James Joyce, for example, had his novel (Ulysses) which was full of obscenity was banned from the United States and then it was approved and published in Paris, France. This goes to show that there is to an extent some sort of power of government over the pornographic publishers' demands.

Human Resources Functions Essay

The Human Resources Department (HRD) is responsible for Human Resources Planning at ‘Alstom’ and most other big businesses. This means they have a number of main responsibilities to make sure that the business is planned and running well. At ‘Alstom’ the HRD have to plan ahead and make sure they have the correct number of suitable employees for the business. In order to do this ‘Alstom’ set out to fully understand the demand on the labour market in their area. The main things ‘Alstom’ look at are: > Availability of labour > Competition for employment and placements > Local employment trends > Skills shortages These are all very important as they highlight what is going on in the labour market and what may affect the running of ‘Alstom’. Availability of labour shows just how many people there are on offer for employment in ‘Alstom’s’ area, which reveals to them how many people there are to choose from when recruiting. Competition for employees shows whether demand for labour is increasing because competitors are expanding or whether demand is dropping because competitors are having to make redundancies. This also can affect wage rates when recruiting, because as demand increases salary rates are caused to rise. This is because it is harder to recruit the right sort of employees and so companies have to offer better pay conditions in order to attract the right candidates to their business. Local employment trends imply how much labour is available and suggest whether it will be easy or difficult to recruit. It also shows if a local competitor is discarding labour and so provides an advantage for ‘Alstom’ as they can employ these who have been made redundant, as they will have the skills and the experience needed. Skill shortages are very important statistics to ‘Alstom’ as they reveal when the skills needed in their industry are dropping in the labour market, which can be very costly to the business when it comes to recruiting. If the skills they need such as degrees in manufacturing and engineering begin to fall, then wage rates will rise and the competition between ‘Alstom’ and other companies to recruit these graduates will become quite fierce. However, to help this problem ‘Alstom’ are quite fortunate as they have already set up their own training scheme to make sure they are achieving the skills they need. At ‘Alstom’ they also review how labour is progressing within the business. They calculate: > Succession > Sickness rates > Accident rates > Age > Skills & training > Wastage rate – labour turnover This is very important because by using and understanding these factors and statistics it can be seen where ‘Alstom’ may need improving and where things may have to change. For example, if accident rates are high, they may look into why people are so many accidents and what from, etc. By doing this they see if there is anything they can do to help this situation and prevent this from happening as much. ‘Alstom’ can also make better decisions about their staffing from these statistics and can analyze the success of the HRP and improve where it is needed. Recruitment & Selection At ‘Alstom’ it is the HRD’s responsibility to recruit and select employees into the business. At ‘Alstom’ they have four main objectives when recruiting staff, which are all very important. They are important because these objectives outline the essentials that are needed in recruitment and selection to structure a solid foundation for the business. These objectives are: > Helping the growth of ‘Alstom’ > Improving by changing job roles within ‘Alstom’ > Improving by employee internal promotion within ‘Alstom’ > Filling resignation, retirement or dismissal vacancies within ‘Alstom’ When additional or replacement personnel are required, here are what the main responsibilities are throughout this process: > The Recruiting Manager (RM) will complete a Personnel Requisition (job family model, profile & job description). > It is returned to HRD for action. > The Human Resources Officer (HRO) advises the RM on the Personnel Requisition and will consult with them regarding sourcing the vacancy. > The post is advertised internally prior to/parallel with external recruitment procedures (managers are not permitted to contact any external agencies directly without prior agreement from the HRD). > Internal applicants should complete an ‘Application for Internal Appointment’ form – applicant’s manager must authorize. External applicants complete an ‘Application for External Appointment’ form or submit a CV. > Internal applicants are screened by the HRO and forwarded to the RM. Selected applicant interviews are then arranged via HRD. Internal candidates not selected for interviews are notified by HRD. Successful internal candidates have their current manager informed by the HRD and are formally offered the job via their manager. They then have 10 days to accept and the two managers agree on a release date. > External applicants are screened by HRD and suitable applicants are forwarded to the RM for selection. Interviews are then arranged via HRD for short-listed candidates. The successful candidate is issued the ‘New Starter Advice’ by the HRD, in liaison with the RM. The candidate is then offered a placement subject to a pre-employment medical examination and at least one previous employers reference and evidence of qualifications. The candidate then has 10 days to accept after which time the offer becomes invalid. This process is very important to ‘Alstom’ as it makes sure that recruiting and selecting is done accurately and fairly. If this was not done appropriately then the business could suffer as the wrong recruit for ‘Alstom’ may be selected due to the process being carried out inappropriately and poorly. The candidates may also complain if they feel that the process was not carried out professionally and fairly, which would obviously not benefit anyone. Performance Management At ‘Alstom’ they have several ways of measuring and managing the performance of their employees, all of which are very important. They are important because they enable managers to oversee and supervise the performance of employees and make sure they are working to their full potential and so therefore see whether they are benefiting ‘Alstom’ and doing their part to ensure the business operates to its full potential. It also helps ‘Alstom’ to see which employees may need help and what they may need help with. Many of the ways are connected to the training. These are the methods they use: > Standards – At ‘Alstom’ there are set standards for each job role that have to be met in order for the work to be regarded as high performance. There are four sets of standards for different levels. These levels are: Group leaders Middle managers Senior Manager (operations) Senior manager (strategic) These standards for each level are to be met and are used to assess the skills and the effectiveness of the employee as well as to assess whether they are working efficiently enough for ‘Alstom’. These results are then reviewed and worked through in an individual appraisal discussion. > Objectives – At ‘Alstom’ objectives are set and defined and help employers to ensure that employee’s are working to a good standard. Setting objectives also helps the employees by stating the important guidelines, which need to be followed in order for them to do their job well. There are ten objectives, arranged in two groups. Technical Objectives and Business & Personal Objectives. Here is an example of a Business Objective: B4 = Personal Skills To be able to operate effectively in a group endeavor > Self-assessment – At ‘Alstom’ they ask employees to carry out their own self-assessment after reading and understanding the standards. They are given a suggested method and have guidance along the way. This helps both the employer and the employee. It helps the employer to understand what the employee’s own personal opinion of their performance is, where they may feel insecure and want some help, how confident they are within themselves, etc. Self-assessment helps the employee by allowing them to input their own thoughts of their performance, shows where they may need to put most of their effort, assess how they are coping meeting the job’s criteria, etc. Therefore, it helps both the employer and the employee to assess and manage individual performance. > Measuring production – At ‘Alstom’ they also carry out some measurements of production. An example of this is ‘Graduate Retention’. This is an important method of performance management as it shows clearly what ‘Alstom’s’ internal statistics are and helps the business realize and assess where improvement may need to made and which areas are struggling to run well. For example, if graduate retention is increasing then they will need to make changes and improvements to bring this statistic down and therefore benefit the business. Training and development At ‘Alstom’ they have a process for Training and Development (shown on next page). The main responsibility of HRD is to make sure that this process is carried out and that it is fully introduced and explained. Training and Development is very important to ‘Alstom’ as it ensures that employees learn the right skills for the job and it makes sure that they can do their job well and efficiently. It helps employees to earn the skills, qualifications and experience that they want/need and it benefits ‘Alstom’ as it enables them to run better and to a fuller potential and efficiency because their workers are well trained and developed.

Chapter 1 Essay

The problem and its background 1.1 Introduction A peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people. It may be defined as a group of people who share similarities such as age, background, and social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and behavior. Also, a peer group can have a serious effect in an academic status of a person. School is where many children meet peers, form friendships, and take part in groups. For friendless, rejected, or victimized children, the school must be a less-than desirable context and certainly a place that is unlikely to promote learning or well-being (Tarrant, 2002). Individuals tend to study in groups because of the fact that studying with peers is easier and fun. The study group environment offers students the opportunity to engage in a more in-depth discussion with peers, sharing information and knowledge about a course they are collectively enrolled in. Peer group studying can help with the issue of procrastination. Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time before the due date. When involved in a study group, meeting at scheduled times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people are relying on them. Also, it can help in understanding information more efficiently; students tend to learn faster working within a group than working alone. If a student was working on his/her own, there would be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why one person’s answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining personal skills. In other countries, governments and officials are supporting peer group studying; they see it as a more effective way in learning. A number of programs focused on the early identification of at-risk students exist at the institutions in this peer group. All of these programs are designed to ease the transition from secondary school to higher education, particularly for students who are likely to be at risk once in  the university, and/or to identify these students once they have begun their first semester classes. They are overall aggressive in helping those students who need help (Sherif, 1964). In the Philippines, no agencies or government are supporting this kind of study, but individuals especially students are influenced by peer group studying. Filipino students are more comfortable in studying with their peers rather than studying alone (Benilde Students, 2008). In the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila, peer group studying is applied by some students, they also tend to see that group studying is more effective way to learn the lesson or courses they are studying (Lyceum Students, 2010). Nevertheless, peer group studying still have disadvantages to an individual. Peer pressure is the pressing of a member of the collective group to behave in a manner that s/he finds unacceptable. Often, when parents are telling their children they may not participate in a behavior, a child responds with what the other kids are doing. This response demonstrates a level of pressure felt by the child to participate in an activity or behavior. Another disadvantage is the feelings associated with rejection. These emotions include resentment, dislike, a feeling of isolationism and even depression. Also, peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study (Kertz, 2012) focused on adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. Both peer group pressure and control were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to their personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative effects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents (http://www.montclair.edu/media/montclairedu/residentialeducation/pdffiles/Study-Group-Tips-and-Advantages-1.pdf). Another issue about peer groups is sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen years. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and results showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and  sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_group). The aforesaid issues and concern about peer group studying have prompted the researchers to conduct a study on the effects on the academic performance of peer groups among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. 1.2 Theoretical Framework This study will be anchored on the theory of social learning (Mead, 2004). According to this theory, children begin to perceive themselves from the perspective of the generalized other, the community as a whole. Knowing the norms and values of society, children can begin to know how their actions are perceived by the generalized other. Mead said that everyone has an â€Å"I† and a â€Å"me.† The â€Å"I† is the individual or the true self and the â€Å"me† is the way one acts in different social situations under the norms of society. Through social interaction people learn the acceptable â€Å"me†. Mead felt that children develop their â€Å"selves† through interaction. Children begin to pattern their â€Å"selves† after a role model (www.webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html). This theoretical framework can be applied to the study that mentoring has positive effects on children. The mentor acts as the generalized other and serves as a role model to the student who begins to imitate the mentor. This then reflects the positive effect of mentoring. The student changes his/her â€Å"me† to conform to the norms of society. Moreover, this study will be anchored on the theory of the Zone of Proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978). This theory focuses on the importance of a child’s culture and notes that a child is continually acting in social interactions with others. The Zone of Proximal development is defined as the gap between what a student can do alone and what the student can achieve through teacher assistance. The values and attitudes of the peer group are essential elements in learning. Those who surround themselves with academically focused peers will be more likely to internalize this type of behavior (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_of_proximal_development). This theoretical framework can be applied on the study that with assistance, student can achieve more lessons rather than studying alone. And by the help of peers, individuals can be more successful i n their field. 1.3 Conceptual Framework The conceptual paradigm below explains the advantages and disadvantages in studying with peer groups. Advantages in studying with peer groups. 1. Helps with procrastination. Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time before the due date. When in a study group, meeting at scheduled times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people are relying on them. 2. Improve new study skills. There are always ways to enhance your studying methods/techniques in your study skills. Joining a study group will provide you the opportunity to observe a wide variety of study methods and incorporate them into your regimen. Note-taking and organization skills are two major study components that continue to be improved through study groups. 3. Absorb information more efficiently. Students tend to learn faster working within a group versus working alone. If a student was working on his/her own, there would be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why one person’s answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining personal skills. Disadvantages in studying with peer groups. 1. Peer pressure. is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, in which individuals are â€Å"formally† members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. 2. Aggression and prosocial behavior. Social behaviors can be promoted or discouraged by social groups, and several studies have shown that aggression and prosociality are susceptible to peer influence. A longitudinal study done in 2011 focused on these two behaviors. A sample of adolescents was followed over a one-year  period, and results showed that adolescents who joined an aggressive group were more likely to increase their aggression levels. Also, adolescents were likely to display prosocial behaviors that were similar to the consistent behaviors of the group they were in. An adolescent’s peer group plays a role in shaping him or her into an adult, and the lack of positive behavior can lead to consequences in the future. 3. Sexual promiscuity. Adolescence is also characterized by physical changes, new emotions, and sexual urges and teenagers are likely to participate in sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen year s. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and results showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner. The effects of sexual activity at a young age are of great concern. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are only a few of the consequences that can occur. 4. Risk behaviors. Several studies have shown that peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study done in 2012 focused on adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors. Participants completed a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. Both peer group pressure and control were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to a personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative ef fects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents. DISADVANTAGES: STUDYING WITH PEER GROUP PEER PRESSURE ADVANTAGES: AGGRESSION AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Helps with Procrastination SEXUAL PROMISCUITY Improve New Study Skills RISK BEHAVIORS Absorb Information More Efficiently Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm of the research. 1.4 Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to identify the academic effects of peer group study in freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following questions: 1. How can a student obtain the advantages in peer group studying; and 2. What are the disadvantages of peer group study; and 3. What are the programs that can help a peer group in their academics. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study focused on explaining the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM student of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following: Commission on Higher Education Department (CHED). The result of this study can help them provide a program for students on how they can improved their academic performance. Respondents. The respondents will have an awareness on the importance of the peer group program and its role on the improvement of their academic performance. Teachers/Mentors. The result of the study will help the teachers/mentors provide encouragement to think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the students. This may also increase their competency. Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as a reference material and a guide for future researchers who wish to conduct  the same experimental study or any study related to peer group effects. 1.6 Scope and Limitation This study covers the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Manila. Nevertheless this study will not cover anyone who does not belong to the respondents. Moreover, this study covers the advantages and disadvantages of peer group study. Nevertheless, this study will not cover the reasons why a respondent faces rebellion, and this study will cover what programs of the school can help the respondents study more efficiently with their peers. Nevertheless, this study will not cover social identity. The results of this study is applicable only to the respondents of this study and should not be used as a measure of the effect of mentoring program on the students who do not belong to the population of this study. 1.7 Definition of Terms The terms in this study are conceptually and operationally defined for better understanding of the readers. * Aspiration. An individual’s need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment * Course. A unit of instruction in one subject, lasting one academic term * Cram. Is the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time. * Isolationism. A policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances. * Longitudinal. A research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time * Norms. A principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior. * Peer group. Is a group of people who are equal in some way. Those in a peer group have the same status and are about the same age. They often interact with the group as a whole. * Procrastination. To put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done. * Prosociality. Beneficial to all parties and consistent with community laws and mores. * Sexual promiscuity. Is the practice of casual sex with multiple sexual partners. * Sexually transmitted diseases. are illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. * Social Group. Has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity. * Victimized. To make a victim of. * Zone of Proximal development. Is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.